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Zebra Mussel Information System
Zebra Mussel Research Program
Identification
Zebra Mussel Identification
Genetic Studies of the Zebra Mussel and the Discovery of the Quagga Mussel in North America
Using the Interactive Identification Systems
Using the Interactive Identification Systems
Distinguishing Between Dreissenid Species
Adult Identification Information
Adult Identification Information
Apophysis on Myophore Plate
Attachment to Bottom
Bottom Shape
Hinge Teeth
Myophore Plate
Ridges
Shell Shape
Size
Striped Appearance
Surface Appearance - Dull vs Glossy
Umbone Appearance
Included Groups or Species
Included Groups or Species
Sphaeriidae
Corbiculidae
Unionacea
Mytilopsis leucophaeata - the False Dark Mussel
Dreissena bugensis - the Quagga Mussel
Dreissena polymorpha - the Zebra Mussel
Larval Identification Information
Larval Identification Information
Face of Shell Appearance
Larval Shell Presence and Location of Embryological Development
Shape of Hinge Line
Veliger Umbone Appearance
Shell Length and Shell Height
Shoulder Shape
Shell Opaque or Translucent
Valve Margins - Comparison
Umbos - Comparison
Presence of Siphons
Presence of Foot
Presence of Velum
Growth Rings Present and Secondary Lines Running Perpendicular to Growth Rings
Overview of Larval Identification
Overview of Larval Identification
Using Cross-Polarized Light
Shell Orientation and Measurement
Species Descriptions
Species Descriptions
Corbicula fluminea - The Asian Clam
Dreissena polymorpha - Zebra Mussel
Dreissena bugensis - Quagga Mussel
Mytilopsis leucophaeata - False Dark Mussel
Zebra Mussel X Quagga Mussel Hybrids
Life History and Biology
Life History and Biology
Ecology
Ecology
Water Temperature
Calcium Level
pH Level
Dissolved Oxygen Level
Salinity Level
Water Velocity
Substrate Availability
Food
Natural Enemies
Predators
Parasites
Benthic Competitors
Life Cycle
Life Cycle
Fertilization and Trochophore Stage
Veliger Stages
Plantigrade Stages
Juvenile and Adult Stages
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Shell and Muscles
Circulation
Osmoregulation
Excretion
Water Circulation
Feeding, Digestion, and Respiration
Reproduction
Nervous System and Sense Organs
Foot and Byssal Threads
Distribution
North America Zebra Mussel Distribution
1988 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1989 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1990 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1991 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1992 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1993 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1994 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1995 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1996 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1997 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1998 Zebra Mussel Distribution
1999 Zebra Mussel Distribution
Composite 1988-1999 Zebra Mussel Distribution
Means of Zebra Mussel Dispersal
Prediction Studies
Slowing the Spread
Slowing the Spread
Public Awareness and Education
Transfer of Boats from Infested Waters to Uninfested Waters
Protocol for Responsible Monitoring Procedures
Protocol for Responsible Monitoring Procedures
Facility, Laboratory, and Experimental Locations
Decontamination and Disinfection Procedures
Accidental Discharge Protocol
Transportation and Shipping Protocol
Federal and State Regulations
Ballast Water Regulations and Guidelines
Ballast Water Regulations and Guidelines
Canadian Ballast Water Guidelines
United States Ballast Water Regulations
International Ballast Water Guidelines
Impacts
Impacts
Chronological Highlights of the Zebra Mussel Invasion
Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem, An Overview
Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem, An Overview
Impacts on the Pelagic Community
Increase in Water Clarity and Increase in Macrophyte Coverage and Biomass
Ecological Impact on Fish Populations
Impacts on Unionids
Impacts on Predatory Waterfowl
Impacts on Water Quality and Other Aquatic Life
Impacts on the Benthic Community
Impacts on the Benthic Community
Impacts of Pseudofeces in the Benthos
Impacts on the Benthic Trophic Structure
Density of Benthic Invertebrates
Substrate Condition
Impacts of the Zebra Mussel on Sediments
Functional Relationships Between the Zebra Mussel and Other Benthic Species
Economic Impacts of Zebra Mussel Infestation
Economic Impacts of Zebra Mussel Infestation
Impacts on Recreation
Impacts on Private, Federal, State, and Municipal Facilities
Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment
Habitat and Water Chemistry Tolerances
Habitat and Water Chemistry Tolerances
pH
Calcium
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Temperature
Using the Risk Assessment Calculator
Using the Risk Assessment Calculator
Interpretation of Risk Assessment Scores
Interpretation of Risk Assessment Scores
Low Risk of Infestation
Moderate Risk of Infestation
High Risk of Infestation
Monitoring
Monitoring
Initial Inspection
Initial Inspection
Initial Detection Methods
Susceptible Components within a Facility
Susceptible Components within a Facility
Hydroelectric Facilities
Locks - Black Rock Lock
Long-Term Monitoring Strategies
Long-Term Monitoring Strategies
Mainstream Monitoring
Sidestream Monitoring
Monitoring Techniques
Monitoring Techniques
Monitoring Activity Menu
Veliger Collection Techniques
Veliger Collection Techniques
Sampling Veligers with Filamentous Substrates
Sidestream Sampling of Veligers
Automatic Plankton Samplers
Plankton Nets
Plankton Nets
Oblique Plankton Tow
Vertical Plankton Tow
Pumped Plankton Samplers
Veliger Analysis Techniques
Veliger Analysis Techniques
Analyzing Plankton Tows, Pumped Samples, and Shallow Water Samples
Use of Cross Polarized Light for Veliger Detection
Use of Sugar Solution for Veliger Detection
Calculating Veliger Densities from Sedgwick-Rafter Cell Counts
Obtaining a Subsample
Analyzing Filamentous Substrate Samplers for Veligers
Monitoring of Settled Juveniles and Adults
Monitoring of Settled Juveniles And Adults
Sampling Juveniles with Filamentous Substrates
Natural Solid Substrates
Artificial Solid Substrates
Metal Box Scrapers
Bioboxes
Navigational Buoys
Settlement Samplers
Visual Observation of Infrastructure
Ponar Grabs and Coring Devices
Importance of Maintaining Long-Term Records of Montioring Data
Importance of Maintaining Long-Term Records of Monitoring Data
Long-Term Records of Spawning
Long-Term Records of Settlement Times and Rates
Long-Term Records of Growth Rates
Record Keeping Data for Veliger Samples
Record Keeping Data for Settled Juvenile and Adult Samples
Management and Control
Management and Control
Management and Control Options
Management and Control Options
Proactive Control Methods
Proactive Control Methods
Repellent Construction Materials
Antifouling, Foul release, and Thermal Spray Coatings
Infiltration Intakes
High Velocity Flows
Preventative Chemical Treatment
Mechanical Filtration
Thermal Treatment
Thermal Treatment
Acute Thermal Treatment
Chronic Thermal Treatment
Reactive Control Methods
Reactive Control Methods
Mechanical Cleaning
High-pressure Water Jet Cleaning
Carbon Dioxide Pellet Blasting
Freezing or Desiccation
Oxygen Deprivation
Backwash of Water Supply Piping
Chemical Control Methods
Chemical Control Methods
Effectiveness of Chemical Control Methods: An Overview
Zebra Mussel Chemical Control Guide
Zebra Mussel Chemical Control Guide
Highlights of the Zebra Mussel Chemical Control Guide
Ozone as a Control Method
Chlorination as a Control Method
Aluminum Sulfate as a Control Method
The Zebra Mussel Chemical Control Guide, WES Document
The Zebra Mussel Chemical Control Guide, WES Document
Preface
Introduction
Introduction
Background
Chemical Control of the Zebra Mussel
Oxidizing Molluscicides
Nonoxidizing Molluscicides
Additional Chemicals
USEPA Registration of Chemical Molluscicides
Sources of Additional Information
References
The Use Guide Outline
The Use Guide Outline
Chemical Name and Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing of Results
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
Chlorination
ZM Control Guide - Chlorination
Chlorine Dioxide
Chlorine Dioxide
Chemical Name and Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing of Results
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
Hypochlorite and Chlorine Gas
Hypochlorite and Chlorine Gas
Chemical Names and Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant Use or Deactivation/Detoxification
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
Nonchlorine Oxidizing Chemicals
Nonchlorine Oxidizing Chemicals
Bromine
Potassium Permanganate
ACTI-BROM
ACTI-BROM
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant and Deactivation Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
CAIROX ZM
CAIROX ZM
Chemical Name and Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing of Results
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
Nonoxidizing Molluscicides
Nonoxidizing Molluscicides
Metals and Their Salts
Quaternary and Polyquaternary Ammonium Compounds
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Endothall
Copper Ions
BULAB 6002
BULAB 6002
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
Calgon H-130M
Calgon H-130M
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
CLAM-TROL
CLAM-TROL
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
MACROTROL 9210
MACROTROL 9210
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
VeliGON
VeliGON
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
BULAB 6009
BULAB 6009
Chemical Name and Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rate and Duration
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
MEXEL 432
MEXEL 432
Chemical Name and Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rate
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant or Detoxicant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
EVAC
EVAC
Chemical Name and Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates and Duration
Posttreatment and Discharge
Use Restrictions
Timing of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant or Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
MacroTech
MacroTech
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant/Detoxicant/Deactivant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
Potassium Compounds
Potassium Compounds
Chemical Name and Commercial Formulations
Mode of Action
Application Strategies
Timing of Application
Application Rates
Maximum Water Concentration
Use Restrictions
Timing and Appearance of Effects
Toxicological Data
Precautions
Field Instructions and Guidance on Operational Applications
Adjuvant or Detoxicant Use
Application Techniques
Antidote Information
References
Prospective Control Methods
Prospective Control Methods
Water Intake Retrofit
Pulse Acoustics
Electrical Fields
Low Frequency Electromagnetism
Ultraviolet (UV) Light
Reduced Pressure
Biological Control Possibilities
Biological Control Possibilities
Selectively Toxic Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
Natural Enemies as Biocontrol Agents
Natural Enemies as Biocontrol Agents
Parasites as Biocontrol Agents
Predators as Biocontrol Agents
Benthic Competitors as Biocontrol Agents
Control Methods by Facility
Control Methods by Facility
Navigation Facility Components at Risk
Navigation Facility Components at Risk
Locks
Raw Water Systems
Chamber Gates
Spillway Gates
Culvert Valves and Racks
Emergency Closure and Dewatering Gates
Concrete Surfaces
Navigation Aids
Applicable Control Methods
Public Facility Components at Risk
Public Facility Components at Risk
Water Intakes
Raw Water Systems
Pumping Stations
Instrumentation
Reservoir Level Control Structures
Applicable Control Methods
Hydropower Facility Components at Risk
Hydropower Facility Components at Risk
Raw Water Systems
Instrumentation
Imbedded Piping
Turbine Headcovers
Trash Racks
Penstocks
Gates
Water Supply Withdrawal
Applicable Control Methods
Floating Plant Components at Risk
Floating Plant Components at Risk
Sea Chest
Keel Coolers
Piping Systems
Hulls
Applicable Control Methods
Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Control Handbook
Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Control Handbook for Facility Operators, First Edition
Preface
Conclusions
Bibliography
Appendix A: Facility Working Groups
List of Figures
List of Tables
References
The Zebra Mussel
The Zebra Mussel
Disposal
Background
Background
Reason for concern
Spread of zebra mussels in this country
Authority
Biology and Ecology of Zebra Mussels
Biology and Ecology of Zebra Mussels
Physical Description
Densities
Feeding
Reproduction
Early Development
Growth
Locomotion
Ecology
Natural Predators
Environmental Considerations
Monitoring
Monitoring
Preventive Maintenance Applications
Initial Inspection
Monitoring Programs
Sampling
Control Methods
ZM Control Handbook - Control Methods
Prospective Control Methods
Prospective Control Methods
Water intake retrofit
Infiltration intakes
Acoustics
Electric fields
Ultraviolet (UV) light
Reactive Control Methods
Reactive Control Methods
Mechanical Cleaning
High-Pressure Water Jet Cleaning
Carbon Dioxide Pellet Blast Cleaning
Freezing/desiccation
Backwash of Water Supply Piping
Preventive Control Methods
Preventive Control Methods
Repellent construction materials
Antifouling, foul-release, and thermal-spray coatings
Chemicals
Thermal treatment
Mechanical filtration
Hydropower Facility Components at Risk
Hydropower Facility Components at Risk
Raw Water Systems
Instrumentation
Imbedded Piping
Turbine Headcovers
Trash Racks
Penstocks
Gates
Water Supply Withdrawal
Applicable Control Methods
Public Facility Components at Risk
Public Facility Components at Risk
Water Intakes
Raw Water Systems
Pumping Stations
Instrumentation
Reservoir Level Control Structures
Applicable Control Methods
Navigation Facility Components at Risk
Navigation Facility Components at Risk
Locks
Measurements Systems
Raw Water Systems
Chamber Gates
Spillway Gates
Culvert Valves and Racks
Emergency Closure and Dewatering Gates
Concrete Surfaces
Navigation Aids
Applicable Control Methods
Floating Plant Components at Risk
Floating Plant Components at Risk
Sea Chest
Keel Coolers
Piping Systems
Hulls
Applicable Control Methods
Technology Transfer
Technology Transfer
Clearinghouse
Zebra Mussel Research Program
Environmental Impacts of Chemical Control
Environmental Impacts of Chemical Control
Chemical Control and the Effects of Molluscicides
Chemical Control and the Effects of Molluscicides
Contaminant Issues of Nonoxidizing Molluscicides
Toxicity of Zebra Mussel Molluscicides to Nontarget Animals
Contaminant Issues of Oxidizing Molluscicides
Contaminant Issues of Oxidizing Molluscicides
Contaminant Issues of Chlorine
Contaminant Issues of Bromine
Contaminant Issues of Ozone
Contaminant Issues of Potassium Permanganate
Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation
The Collection of Zebra Mussels for Contaminant Analyses
Field Studies on the Contaminants Contained in Zebra Mussels
Bioaccumulation and Lipids
Disposal of Zebra Mussel Waste
ZMR Technical Notes
ZMR Technical Notes
Section 1: Environmental Testing
Section 1: Environmental Testing
Tech Note ZMR-1-01
Tech Note ZMR-1-02
Tech Note ZMR-1-03
Tech Note ZMR-1-04
Tech Note ZMR-1-05
Tech Note ZMR-1-06
Tech Note ZMR-1-07
Tech Note ZMR-1-08
Tech Note ZMR-1-09
Tech Note ZMR-1-10
Tech Note ZMR-1-11
Tech Note ZMR-1-12
Tech Note ZMR-1-13
Tech Note ZMR-1-14
Tech Note ZMR-1-15
Tech Note ZMR-1-16
Tech Note ZMR-1-17
Tech Note ZMR-1-18
Tech Note ZMR-1-19
Tech Note ZMR-1-20
Tech Note ZMR-1-21
Tech Note ZMR-1-22
Tech Note ZMR-1-23
Tech Note ZMR-1-24
Tech Note ZMR-1-25
Tech Note ZMR-1-26
Tech Note ZMR-1-27
Tech Note ZMR-1-28
Tech Note ZMR-1-29
Tech Note ZMR-1-30
Tech Note ZMR-1-31
Tech Note ZMR-1-32
Tech Note ZMR-1-33
Tech Note ZMR-1-34
Tech Note ZMR-1-35
Section 2: Control Methods
Section 2: Control Methods
Tech Note ZMR-2-01
Tech Note ZMR-2-02
Tech Note ZMR-2-03
Tech Note ZMR-2-04
Tech Note ZMR-2-05
Tech Note ZMR-2-06
Tech Note ZMR-2-07
Tech Note ZMR-2-08
Tech Note ZMR-2-09
Tech Note ZMR-2-10
Tech Note ZMR-2-11
Tech Note ZMR-2-12
Tech Note ZMR-2-13
Tech Note ZMR-2-14
Tech Note ZMR-2-15
Tech Note ZMR-2-16
Tech Note ZMR-2-17
Tech Note ZMR-2-18
Tech Note ZMR-2-19
Tech Note ZMR-2-20
Tech Note ZMR-2-21
Section 3: Control Strategies
Section 3: Control Strategies
Tech Note ZMR-3-01
Tech Note ZMR-3-02
Tech Note ZMR-3-03
Tech Note ZMR-3-04
Tech Note ZMR-3-05
Tech Note ZMR-3-06
Tech Note ZMR-3-07
Tech Note ZMR-3-08
Tech Note ZMR-3-09
Tech Note ZMR-3-10
Tech Note ZMR-3-11
Tech Note ZMR-3-12
Tech Note ZMR-3-13
Tech Note ZMR-3-14
Tech Note ZMR-3-15
Tech Note ZMR-3-16
Tech Note ZMR-3-17
Tech Note ZMR-3-18
Tech Note ZMR-3-19
Tech Note ZMR-3-20
Tech Note ZMR-3-21
Section 4: Miscellaneous
Section 4: Miscellaneous Zebra Mussel Information
Tech Note ZMR-4-01
Tech Note ZMR-4-02
Tech Note ZMR-4-03
Tech Note ZMR-4-04
Tech Note ZMR-4-05
Tech Note ZMR-4-06
Tech Note ZMR-4-07
Tech Note ZMR-4-08
References
References
Literature Cited in System
Zebra Mussel References - Alphabetical Listing
Zebra Mussel References - Yearly Listing
Conferences and Symposia
Western Regional Panel
100th Meridian Initiative
Internet Sites
Internet Sites
Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem
Anatomy
Bioaccumulation
Distribution
Ecological Impacts
Ecology
Enviromental Impacts of Chemical Control
Identification
Impacts
Life History and Biology
Management and Control
Monitoring
Natural Enemies
Parasites
Risk Assessment
Slowing the Spread
Total List