Potassium permanganate is less effective than chlorine when used against the zebra mussel, but is widely used for water purification. From studies conducted by Fraleigh et al. (1993) and Klerks et al. (1993) it may be concluded that, although potassium permanganate assists in preventing settlement of the zebra mussel within a facility, it is not acutely toxic to zebra mussel veligers. It is a strong oxidizer and must be used with caution. Great care must be taken not to mix this form of treatment with others already existing within a facility, including readily oxidized materials such as metal salts. When used with or in close proximity of hydrochloric acid, a noxious chlorine gas is created. Prolonged exposure and inhalation may cause lung and nervous system disorders. It is a corrosive substance and therefore could be toxic to an array of nontargets (EPRI 1992). Potassium permanganate has been shown to be toxic to birds and to aquatic invertebrates. In laboratory testing, potassium permanganate was lethal to a rat when introduced orally at a level of 1090 mg/kg-1 and lethal to a mouse at 500 mg/kg-1, when introduced subcutaneously (beneath the skin by injection). It is therefore toxic to mammals and its use is regulated. Specific data on environmental effects, feasibility and practicality of use, and regulatory requirements should be obtained from the local regulatory office and the vendor. Further information on the toxicology of this, other biocides, and molluscicides may be obtained from Table B - Toxicology to Nontargets Data Table.
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