Concentrations of CAIROX ZM required for oxidation of contaminants, typically up to 5 mg L-1, are sufficient for the control of zebra mussels and other biofoulants.
Monitor to maintain a low residual concentration of less than 1 mg L-1 at the point of entry into a treatment plant.
Actual solubility in local water and effective doses should be determined using laboratory jar tests (Carus 1997).
Klerks, Fraleigh, and Stevenson (1993) showed that static exposure of 2.5 mg L-1 potassium permanganate resulted in 27 percent mortality of veligers, while in flow-through exposures veligers decreased by 90 percent with this concentration.
Balog et al. (1995) reported plans for the use of intermittent treatments at 0.35 mg L-1 residual level for at least 30 min in the treatment area for a municipal water treatment plant.
CAIROX ZM can be followed by chlorine.